Kajian Ilmiah Bekam

Telah ramai terapis Hijamah dari “Barat” yang menggunakan metod Cupping Therapy mahupun metod Lintah (Leech Therapy) untuk mengubati pelbagai macam penyakit dan mereka juga menuliskannya dalam pelbagai artikel, buku dan antaranya:

1. The efficacy of wet-cupping in the treatment of tension and migraine headache.

Abstract

Wet-cupping is an ancient medical technique still used in several contemporary societies, but little empirical study has been devoted to test its efficacy to treat tension and migraine headache. Using a pre-post research design, 70 patients with chronic tension or migraine headache were treated with wet-cupping. Three primary outcome measures were considered at the baseline and 3 months following treatment: headache severity, days of headache per month, and use of medication. Results suggest that, compared to the baseline, mean headache severity decreased by 66% following wet-cupping treatment. Treated patients also experienced the equivalent of 12.6 fewer days of headache per month. We conclude that wet-cupping leads to clinical relevant benefits for primary care patients with headache. Possible mechanisms of wet-cupping's efficacy, as well as directions for future research are discussed.

Ahmadi A, Schwebel DC, Rezaei M. The efficacy of wet-cupping in the treatment of tension and migraine headache. Am J Chin Med. 2008;36(1):37-44. PubMed PMID: 18306448.

2. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with  chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study.

Abstract

Introduction. Cupping has been used since antiquity in the treatment of pain conditions. In this pilot study, we investigated the effect of traditional cupping therapy on chronic nonspecific neck pain (CNP) and mechanical sensory thresholds. Methods. Fifty CNP patients were randomly assigned to treatment (TG, n = 25) or waiting list control group (WL, n = 25). TG received a single cupping treatment. Pain at rest (PR), pain related to movement (PM), quality of life (SF-36), Neck Disability Index (NDI), mechanical detection (MDT), vibration detection (MDT), and pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were measured before and three days after a single cupping treatment. Patients also kept a pain and medication diary (PaDi, MeDi) during the study. Results. Baseline characteristics were similar in the two groups. After cupping TG reported significantly less pain (PR: -17.9 mm VAS, 95%CI -29.2 to -6.6; PM: -19.7, 95%CI -32.2 to -7.2; PaDi: -1.5 points on NRS, 95%CI -2.5 to -0.4; all P < 0.05) and higher quality of life than WL (SF-36, Physical Functioning: 7.5, 95%CI 1.4 to 13.5; Bodily Pain: 14.9, 95%CI 4.4 to 25.4; Physical Component Score: 5.0, 95%CI 1.4 to 8.5; all P < 0.05). No significant effect was found for NDI, MDT, or VDT, but TG showed significantly higher PPT at pain-areas than WL (in lg(kPa); pain-maximum: 0.088, 95%CI 0.029 to 0.148, pain-adjacent: 0.118, 95%CI 0.038 to 0.199; both P < 0.01). Conclusion. A single application of traditional cupping might be an effective treatment for improving pain, quality of life, and hyperalgesia in CNP.

Lauche R, Cramer H, Hohmann C, Choi KE, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Musial F, Langhorst J, Dobos G. The effect of traditional cupping on pain and mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:429718. Epub 2011 Dec 7.PubMed PMID: 22203873; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3235710.


3. Pengaruh bekam terhadap peningkatan sel makrofag sebagai sistem kekebalan tubuh.


Abstrak

Sel makrofag merupakan bagian dari sistem kekebalan seluler yang lazim kita kenal. Makrofag menghasilkan sitokin dalam jumlah yang berlebih sehingga makrofag merupakan sel efektor penting dalam bentuk tertentu dari kekebalan yang diperantai oleh sel. Tujuan umum penelitian ini adalah untuk membuktikan pengaruh Bekam terhadap peningkatan sel makrofag sebagai sistem kekebalan tubuh. Penelitian ini tergolong quasy experimental dengan rancangan non random pre testpost test without control group design yang dilakukan terhadap manusia sebagai subjek penelitian. Penelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten Jember selama 8 bulan pada subjek penelitian sejumlah 20 orang. Pemeriksaan darah dilakukan di Laboratorium Biomedik Fakultas Kedokteran Unibraw Malang. Setelah data terkumpul dilakukan analisa data secara computerized dengan menggunakan t-test, karena data yang diuji meliputi data numerik. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan nilai makrofag di awal perlakuan memiliki mean 18,3775, SD 3,32348, nilai terendah 12,14, nilai tertinggi 23,54. Sedangkan nilai makrofag di akhir perlakuan memiliki mean 65,2630, SD 6,42253, nilai terendah 56,58, nilai tertinggi 71,64. Karena p value sebesar 0,000 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengaruh bekam terhadap peningkatan sel makrofag sebagai sistem kekebalan tubuh adalah bermakna. Bekam terbukti dapat meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh. Sistem kekebalan dalam darah adalah tanggung jawab sistem humoral dan seluler terutama dalam hal ini sel makrofag.

Widada, W. 2010. Pengaruh Bekam terhadap peningkatan deformabilitas eritrosit pada perokok. Tesis. Unair. Surabaya  http://isjd.pdii.lipi.go.id/admin/jurnal/2311139143_2086-3098.pdf 

4. Clinical research evidence of cupping therapy in China: a systematic literature review

 Background

Cupping therapy belongs to traditional Chinese medicine, the heritage from several thousand years. It is used with one of several kinds of cups, such as bamboo cups, glasses or earthen cups, placing them on the desired acupoints on patients' skin, to make the local place hyperemia or haemostasis, which can obtain the purpose of curing the diseases [1]. The earliest records of cupping is in Bo Shu (an ancient book written on silk), which was discovered in an ancient tomb of the Han Dynasty in 1973[2]. Some therapeutic cupping methods and case records of treatment were also described in early Chinese books. Zhao Xueming, a Chinese doctor practicing more than 200 years ago, completed a book named "Ben Cao Gang Mu Shi Yi", in which he described in detail the history and origin of different kinds of cupping and cup shapes, functions and applications [3].

There are seven major types of cupping practice in China. Usually, cupping practitioners utilize the flaming heating power to achieve suction (minus pressure) inside the cups to make them apply on the desired part of the body. This basic suction method of cupping therapy is called retained cupping, which is most commonly used in Chinese clinics as the first type of cupping. Besides this kind of suction, different types of cupping composed with different methods. The second type of cupping is bleeding cupping (or wet cupping), which contains two steps: before the suction of the cups, practitioners should make some small incisions with a triangle-edged needle or plum-blossom needle firmly tapping the acupoint for a short time to cause bleeding; the third one is moving cupping, which practitioners should control the suction by gently moving the cup toward one direction; then is empty cupping, which means the cups are removed after suction without delay; or needle cupping, which should apply the acupuncture first, then apply the cups over the needle. Cupping practitioners may also used other methods of suction, such as medicinal (herbal) cupping, which used bamboo cups, usually put the cups and herbal into a deep pan with water and boiled them together, after 30 minutes apply the cup suction on specific points according to steam instead of fire; or water cupping which is a technique involves filling a glass or bamboo cup one-third full with warm water and pursuing the cupping process in a rather quick fashion. Each kind of cupping therapy may be used for different diseases or different purposes of treatment.

Because cupping is widely used in Chinese folklore culture, the technique has been inherited by the modern Chinese practitioners. In the 1950s the clinical efficacy of cupping was confirmed by Co-Research of China and acupuncturists from the former Soviet Union, and was established as an official therapeutic practice in hospitals all over China [4]. This issue substantially stimulated the development of further cupping research.

In the context of evidence-based medicine (EBM), we need to evaluate therapeutic effect of cupping therapy to inform the practice heritage from ancient time.
Methods
We included all clinical studies on cupping therapy for all kinds of diseases. We searched six electronic databases, all searches ended in December 2008. We extracted data on the type of cupping and type of diseases treated.
Results
550 clinical studies were identified published between 1959 and 2008, including 73 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 22 clinical controlled trials, 373 case series, and 82 case reports. Number of RCTs obviously increased during past decades, but the quality of the RCTs was generally poor according to the risk of bias of the Cochrane standard for important outcome within each trials. The diseases in which cupping was commonly employed included pain conditions, herpes zoster, cough or asthma, etc. Wet cupping was used in majority studies, followed by retained cupping, moving cupping, medicinal cupping, etc. 38 studies used combination of two types of cupping therapies. No serious adverse effects were reported in the studies.
ConclusionsAccording to the above results, quality and quantity of RCTs on cupping therapy appears to be improved during the past 50 years in China, and majority of studies show potential benefit on pain conditions, herpes zoster and other diseases. However, further rigorous designed trials in relevant conditions are warranted to support their use in practice.
Huijuan Cao, Mei Han, Xun Li, Shangjuan Dong, Yongmei Shang, Qian Wang, Shu Xu and Jianping Liu. Clinical research evidence of cupping therapy in China: a systematic literature review, Center for Evidence Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100029, China
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/10/70


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